qedebi, mTianeTebi, mTaTa masivebi

•  abul-samsris qedi, samsris qedi

•  alevis qedi, lomis-alevis qedi

•  aWara-imereTis qedi

•  arabika, arabikis masivi,

•  arabika-axagis qedi (mTiani masivi)

•  arsianis qedi

•  asxis masivi

•  bzifis qedi

•  gagris qedi

•  gomboris qedi, civ-gomboris qedi

•  dvaleTis qedi

•  egrisis qedi, samegrelos qedi,

•  TrialeTis qedi

•  iaRlujis qedi, iaRlujis maRlobi

•  kvernaqis qedi, kvernaqis seri, kvernaqebi

•  kodoris qedi

•  lixis qedi, suramis qedi

•  lomisis qedi

•  loqis qedi, somxiTis qedi

•  mesxeTis qedi

•  mTiuleTis qedi

•  myinvarwveris masivi

•  nialisyuris qedi, Crdi lis qedi, Cildiris qedi

•  odiSis qedi

•  piriqiTis qedi, TuSeTis qedi

•  raWis qedi

•  saguramo-ialnos qedi

•  svaneTis qedi

•  qarTlis qedi, fSavis qedi

•  yazbegis vulkanuri masivi

•  SavSeTis qedi

•  Soda-kedelas qedi, orboZalis qedi, ruboZalis qedi

•  Caqvis qedi, mcire aWaris qedi

•  xevsureTis qedi

•  xvamli, xvamlis masivi

•  javaxeTis qedi, keCuTis qedi, sveli mTebi, qaCalgoris mTebi

                                      u m a g l e s i    m w v e r v a l e b i

shxara 5068                                                                 

janri-tau 5058

myinvarwveri 5033

puhkinis piki 5027

hota rustaveli 4960

gistola 4859

tetnuldi 4853

jimara 4776

ushba 4710

tixtengeni 4611

 tebulos-mta 4494

mwvervalebi, mTebi

                                                        u  S  b  a

adgilmdebareoba . mwvervali svaneTis kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreT Stoqedze, uSbis qedze, mestiis raionSi, z.d. 4700 m simaRleze. igi warmodgenilia ori mwvervaliT: CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis.

reliefi. CrdiloeTis mwvervali (didi uSba - svanurad "xoSa uSba") ufro maRalia, samxreTis mwvervali (patara uSba - svanurad "xoxra uSba") ki - masze 10 m-iT dabalia.

alpinisturi TvalsazrisiT, uSba erT-erT rTul mwvervalad iTvleba. igi Setanilia msoflios 100 uZneles mwvervalTa siaSi (kavkasiisa da evropis urTulesi mwvervali). uSba kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis yvelaze rTuli dasaZlevi mwvervalia. albaT, amitomac uwodeben mas "kavkasiis qedis sidiades", "kavkasionis mbrZanebels", "kavkasionis mSvenebas".

nawyveti imeri xrevelis leqsidan "dila svaneTis gzaze":

"moixsnes nislis saburveli

mTebma, pirquSma

kavkasionis mbrZanebeli

gamoCnda uSba"

nawyveti cnobili qarTveli mTamsvlelis iagor kazalikaSvilis poemidan "uSbaze asvlis leqsi":

"kldeebi Sogvxvda cicabi-

Tav-bolo egeTi hqonda,

rogor gaTlili niCafi.

daqanebuli sali klde

zedac yinuli mikruli,

ar ikarebda wriapsa,

zed bandulebze mikruli.

...

CamovcdiT qajeTis cixes,

yvelai gawamebuli

ra simagre aqvs uSbasa,

garSemo Samavlebuli!"

cnobili qarTveli mTamsvlelis daviT (devi) miqelaZis dRiurebdan (1925): "... davyurebT gulis yinvaris gulmoRerebul zedapirs. igi daRarulia mravali napraliT. moCans lamazi yinvardnilebi, romlebidanac xSirad gulSemzaravi guguni ismis. yinvaris zedapirze mravlad yria veeberTela lodebi da sxvadasxva sididis qvebi. es yvelaferi mrisxane uSbis gabrazebis Sedegia. ... ganuwyvetliv ismis yinulis Camozvavebis an kldis movardnis xma da sxva aseTebi. mciredi Sexebac ki sakmarisia, rom zogierTi metad didi lodi qveiTken daeqanos. TiTqos uSbas Tavgadadebuli mTamsvlelebisaTvis "maxeebi daugiao".

miuxedavad aseTi sirTuleebisa, "mrisxane Sesaxedaobis" uSbisaken swrafva mainc didia. swored uSbis mwvervalze asvlam moupova qarTvel alpinist qals aleqsandra jafariZes sayovelTao saxeli. man uSbis Sveul kedelze, TokiT dakidebulma gaaTia Rame. amis Sesaxeb werda i. kazalikaSvili amave poemaSi:

"Cven ki qoxCi CamovediT,

qali iq darCa nebiTa -

kldezea mikerebuli,

saxsenebeli qebiTa.

frinvelebs leSi egona,

zed daSCxaodes WkebiTa".

legenda . adgilobrivi Tqmulebis mixedviT, nadirobis qalRmerTis adgilsamyofeli swored uSbis mTa yofila. aq, mis kalTebze dadevnebia jixvs monadire beTqili da qalRmerT dalis gadayria. mogvianebiT ki, sityvis gatexvis gamo dalis masze Suri uZiebia, uSbis kldovan qarafebSi Seutyvilebia igi. kldeze SerCenila monadire da daRupula. amboben, uSbis kldeze dResac aris SerCenili beTqilis fexis danadgami da sisxlio. svaneTSi sxva Tqmulebebic aris gavrcelebuli beTqilze da qalRmerT dalize. Tumca yvela maTgans rodi aqvs tragikuli dasasruli.

saxelwodeba. "uSba" svanuria. "uS" niSnavs "qariSxals", "saswauls", xolo "ba" - "mTas", e. i. svanurad igi niSnavs qariSxlian, saswaulmoqmed mTas. pamiris mTianeTSic arsebula meore "uSba". igi qarTvel mTamsvlelebs SeurqmeviaT 1958 wels masze asvlis sirTulis gamo.

uZo

adgilmdebareoba. mTa TrialeTis qedis samxreT-aRmosavleT ganStoebaze, mTawmindis qedis Txemze, uZos qedis dasavleT nawilSi (umaRlesi mwvervali), gardabnis raionSi, z.d. 1416 m simaRleze.

mcenareuli safari. ferdobebi Semosilia buCqnarebiT. aqa-iq gvxvdeba tyis fragmentebi (gareuli xili - maJalo, panta, Sindi da sxv.). Txemi dafarulia balaxeuli mcenareulobiT.

xedi uZodan. uZos mTis gadmosaxedidan mSvenieri panorama iSleba Tvalwin: moCans Tbilisi , wyneTi, zedazeni, saguramo-ialnos qedi da kavkasionis TovliT dafaruli mwvervalebi.

vaxuSti bagrationi: "uZo, eklesia wmidis giorgisa, maRals zeda, mzvreti ko;risa da tfilisisa".

nawyveti galaktion tabiZis leqsidan :

"jer isev Sors vxedav uZos,

zmanebiT rom guls axurebs,

aval - vityvi: Tvali Cemi

saqarTvelos gadahyurebs

miviCqari, me maxarebs,

rom es mTaa asaRebi,

da davcxrebi, roca vityvi

xelT maqvs uZos gasaRebi".

kulturis Zeglebi. Tavdapirvelad aq sakulto nageboba mdgara. misi dangrevis Semdeg ki eklesia (wminda giorgis) auSenebiaT. igi gvianfeodaluri xanisaa, sadac salocavad dadiodnen uSvilo, uZeo qalebi da wminda giorgis evedrebodnen Svili, Ze SesZenodaT. aqedan darqmevia eklesiasa da mTas "uZeo", "uZo".

                                                       m y i n v a r w v e r i

adgilmdebareoba . mwvervali xevis kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze, xoxis qedze, md. Tergis marcxena mxares, yazbegis raionSi, z.d. 5033 m simaRleze, xevisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos umaRlesi mwvervali. aRsaniSnavia, rom adre myinvarwveri kavkasiis umaRles mwvervalad iyo miCneuli: "umaRles yovelTa kavkasTa da maradis yinuliT Sekvercxili" (vaxuSti bagrationi). moxeveebi mas xevis patarZals uwodeben, TuSebi - loms, fSavelebi - gergeTs, rusebi - yazbegs, osebi - Cxistiwufs, ursxoxs (rac "Tovlian mTas" niSnavs).

myinvarebi . myinvarwveris ferdobebze mdebareobs mravali myinvari: mna, gergeti, devdaraki, abano, denkara. firnis velisa da myinvarebis saerTo farTobi sakmaod didia (135 km 2 ). warmoadgens Camqral vulkanur konuss, romelic Semosilia Tovl-yinuliani safariT.

"miZinebuli" vulkani. Semonaxulia cnobebi, rom igi Zv. w. XIII_X saukuneebSi jer kidev bolavda. zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom SeiZleba is kidev amoifrqves, amitom uwodeben myinvarwvers "miZinebul" vulkans. radionaxSirbadis meTodis meSveobiT mecnierebma gamoiangariSes myinvarwveris ukanaskneli amofrqvevis dro (5890 wlis win). es SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac fizikosebma daadgines radiaqtiur nivTierebaTa daSlis siCqare (igi nebismier viTarebaSi mudmivi sididea). amrigad, ama Tu im qanSi arsebuli (darCenili) radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba qanis absoluturi asaki.

klimati . myinvarwverze iseTive mkacri klimaturi pirobebia, rogorc arqtikul maradyinulian mxareSi. aq, mis kalTebze aRiniSna haeris minimaluri saSualo wliuri temperatura (-6 ° S ) saqarTvelos farglebSi. amasTan Tvis saSualo temperatura, ivlis-agvistos garda, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uaryofiTia. rogorc amboben, adgilobriv mosaxleobas SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos Tu rogori amindia mosalodneli. amas axerxeben e. w. "myinvarwveris qudis" mixedviT. saqme imaSia, rom notio aRmavali haeris masebi mwvervalis Tavze warmoqmnian Rrublebs, romelTa gamoCenac Tovlis an wvimis mosvlis mauwyebelia.

nawyveti tician tabiZis leqsidan:

"SemoufSvnia, Semoudnia

yazbegs spetaki Tovlis xundebi,

esmis myinvaris mwvervalTa fici:

kvlav niaRvarad dagibrundebi".

nawyveti cnobili qarTveli mTamsvlelis iagor kazalikaSvili leqsidan "myinvarwveris kalTaze":

"Sen myinvarwvero maRalo,

susxiano da magaro...

ganTqmulo qveyanazeda,

Sen, ialbuzis sadaro...

gadahpentilxar TeTrada

da ecilebi mzesao."

brokenis movlena. 1923 wels myinvarwverze pirveli qarTuli asvlisas (giorgi nikolaZis xelmZRvanelobiT) mTamsvlelebi metad saintereso faqtis mowmeni gaxdnen: maTi Crdilebi RrublebSi gamoisaxa. am optikur movlenas brokenis movlena ewodeba. brokeni aris harcis mTebis (germania) umaRlesi mwvervali (1142 m), sadac pirvelad iqna aRwerili es movlena. ai, ras werda g. nikolaZe Tavis dRiurebSi: "Cveni Crdili, cisartyelis SaravandediT moculi, maxlobel Rrubelze daixata. yoveli Cvengani mxolod Tavis Crdils xedavda da danarCenebisas ki vera". am TiTqosda ucnaur movlenas, Tavisi mecnieruli axsna aqvs - maRali iarusis Rrublebis kristalur yinulebSi xdeba sinaTlis sxivis gardatexa da arekvla. es anarekli ki Rrublebze giganturi aCrdilebis, e. w. "brokenis aCrdilebis" saxiT gamoixateba.

mTamsveleloba. myinvarwveris pirveli dampyrobi qarTveli iyo, Tumca garkveul xans gavrcelebuli iyo azri, rom mwvervalze pirvelad (1868 wels ) ganTqmuli ingliseli mTamsvleli duglas freSvildi asula (misi sityvebia: "klasikuri mTaa myinvarwveri..."). magram istoriuli wyaroebi gvatyobineben, rom 1799 wels xev-mTiuleTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mizniT iq asula sof. eredvis (goris raioni) mkvidri vinme ioseb moZRvari (favleniSvili), romelsac TviT gamoukveTavs saydari da TiTqmis 20 wlis manZilze yazbegel dimitri ficxelaurTan erTad iq ucxovria da umoRvawia. ai, ras vkiTxulobT ioane batoniSvilis "kalmasobaSi": "ese nebiTa RvTisaTa aRvida myinvaris mTasa Sina, kacTagan Seuvalsa; da ixila mun karavi da akvani abraamisa mamamTavrisa, romel jereTca arvin aRsrulars mTasa mas, da moarTo mefisa iraklis naWeri karavisa mis". amrigad, pirvel qarTvel mTamsvlelad miCneulia beri ioseb moxeve. garda amisa, arsebobs adgilobrivi Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviTac myinvarwverze mamuka beri asula (ioseb moxeveze adre). sxva adreuli cnobebi mwvervalze asvlis Sesaxeb ar moipoveba.

saxelwodeba. myinvarwveris meore saxelwodeba "yazbegi" modis XIX saukunis ruseTis imperiisdroindeli sasazRvro meTvalyureebis - yazibegebis saxelwodebidan. maT evalebodaT mtvirTavebiTa da saxedrebiT mgzavrTa momsaxureba, agreTve gzebisa da xidebis mdgomareobis meTvalyureoba. sityva "yazbegi" xevis mourav yazbeg CofikaSvilis saxelidan unda momdinareobdes. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle mas darialis dacvas avalebda, ris gamoc mouravi privilegiebiT sargeblobda. mouravis Svilma gabriel CofikaSvilma aznauroba miiRo da uari Tqva Tavis gvarze. amieridan igi da misi STamomavloba yazbegis saxeliT moixsenieboda. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, rom yazibegebi yabardoelebi iyvnen, romlebic yabardodan gamoqceulan da saqarTvelos mefisaTvis uTxovniaT TavSesafari.

legenda . myinvarwvers ori mwvervali aqvs: dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis. es ukanaskneli ufro maRalia. mis aRmosavleT ferdobze mcire zomis vake zedapiria, romelic samxreT-aRmosavleTidan Semofarglulia kldeebiT, sadac zamTar-zafxul Tovli ar Cerdeba da Soridan myinvarwveris TeTr kalTaze Savi gveleSapiviT moCans. amitom xalxma mas "gveleSapis mTa" uwoda. legenda mogviTxrobs, rom roca RmerTma gakadnierebuli amirani mTas miajazva, gveleSapma moindoma masze Tavdasxma. magram wminda giorgim is iqve gaaqvava.

myinvarwverze mdebareobs beTlemis gamoqvabuli da yazbegis maRalmTiani meteorologiuri sadguri, sadac adamianebi cxovroben yvelaze maRla saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

nawyveti ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobidan "mgzavris werilebidan":

"didebuli ram aris eg myinvari. ...didebulia myudro da mSvidobiani, magram civia da TeTri".

galaktion tabiZe:

"cad azidula, viT marmarilo,

myinvaris TeTrad nakveTi Tavi,

iq scuravs mTvare, scuravs muq caze,

viT okeanis sivrceze navi.

darialisa viwro kldeebSi

bnel Rames iTevs burusi Savi

da ismens Tergi, Tu caze rogor

esaubreba varskvlavs varskvlavi".

okiuzdaRi, okuzdaRi, oqiuzdaRi

mTa nilisyuris aRmosavleT daboloebaze, javaxeTisa (ninowmindis raioni) da somxeTis respublikis sazRvarze, z.d. 2442 m simaRleze, saqarTvelos ukiduresi samxreTi wertili (C.g. 41 ° 07').

                                                                                  T  e  T  n  u  l  d  i

adgilmdebareoba. mwvervali svaneTis kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze, md. enguris saTaveSi, zemo svaneTisa (mestiis raioni) da yabardo-balyareTis respublikis sazRvarze, z.d. 4853 m simaRleze. ferdobebi Semosilia myinvarebiT.

mTamsveleloba. mwvervalze pirvelad avidnen 1930 wels (aleqsandre jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT). mwvervalis samxreT-dasavleT kalTaze mdebare erT-erT kldes "jafariZis mowmeebi" ewodeba, vinaidan TeTnuldze erT-erTi alpinisturi asvlisas daiRupa simon jafariZe.

saxelwodeba. mwvervali mudmivi qaTqaTa TeTri TovliTaa dafaruli da misi saxelwodebac aqedan modis. svanurad "TeTne", "TveTne" niSnavs "TeTrs", xolo "uld" - moferebisa da alersis gamomxatveli sufiqsia.

                                                                                              S  x  a  r  a

adgilmdebareoba. mwvervali svaneTis kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze, bezengis kedelze, zemo svaneTisa (mestiis raioni) da yabardo-balyareTis sazRvarze, z.d. 5068 m simaRleze, saqarTvelosa da kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis umaRlesi mwvervali. svaneTis kavkasionis umaRlesi monakveTia bezengis kedeli (xaldes kedeli, ficrula). mas gasuli saukunis mkvlevarebi "svaneTis alpebs" uwodebdnen.

mcenareuli safari. ferdobebis qveda nawili Semosilia subalpuri da alpuri mdeloebiT, xolo zeda nawili - Tovl-yinuliani safariT. misgan ramdenime yinulovani CanCqeri eSveba.

nawyveti murman lebaniZis leqsidan "voi!":

"voi, kala-uSguli Sekrebila - ...

yanas da saTibs momcdara.

mTeli svaneTi Sekrebila,

mTlad saqarTvelo Sekrebila,

SxarasTan RrubeliviT momdgara...

voi, Sxara sisxliT SeRebila –

koxta TikanaZe momkvdara...

varskvlavi varskvlavs momwydara.

...

guram TikanaZes Sxara auRia,

rac moxda, daSvebisas momxdara:

Tavi simamaciT waugia,

voi-vo, gurami momkvdara...

cocxlisgan sayveduri augia,

Cauqi mkvdaric Cauqia."

mwvervalis dapyrobisas daiRupa cnobili qarTveli alpinisti guram TikanaZe.

saxelwodeba. "Sxara" svanuria da "TeTr zols", "nikoras" niSnavs.

cekuri, wiquri

mTa egrisis qedis aRmosavleT nawilSi, md. axalouris (cxeniswylis auzi) saTaveSi, lentexis raionSi, z.d. 3170 m simaRleze, leCxumis umaRlesi mwvervali. SemorCenilia meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis naSTebi. Semosilia subalpuri da alpuri mdeloebiT.

                                                                          m  e  f  i  s  w  y  a  r  o

adgilmdebareoba. mwvervali mesxeTis qedis centralur nawilSi (umaRlesi mwvervali), misi CrdiloeTi ganStoebis didi loborotis qedis SesayarTan, mdinareebis sufsisa da wablaraswylis (xaniswylis marcxena Senakadi) saTaveebTan, vanisa da Coxatauris raionebis sazRvarze, z.d. 2850 m simaRleze, guriisa da imereTis umaRlesi mwvervali.

mcenareuli safari. ferdobebis qveda nawili Semosilia subalpuri, xolo zeda nawili - alpuri mdeloebiT.

                              W a n W a x i,   W a n W a x i s w v e r i

mwvervali raWa-leCxumis kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze, md. WanWaxis (rionis marcxena Senakadi) saTaveSi, zemo raWisa (onis raioni) da CrdiloeT oseTis sazRvarze, z.d. 4462 m simaRleze, raWis umaRlesi mwvervali. ferdobebi cicabo da kldovania. Semosilia Tovl-yinuliani safariT.